Kalmar "Soviet Russia" tana nufin lokaci a cikin tarihin Rasha daga 1917 zuwa 1991, lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ke mulkin kasar. Kalmar "Soviet" ta fito ne daga kalmar Rasha "Soviet" (совет), wanda ke nufin "majalisa" ko "shawara." A wannan lokacin, gwamnati ta dogara ne akan tsarin majalisa, ko "Soviet", wanda ya ƙunshi wakilai daga kungiyoyi daban-daban kamar ma'aikata, manoma, da sojoji. Gwamnatin Soviet ta kasance 'yan gurguzu a akida kuma jam'iyyar gurguzu ce ke jagoranta. An san ƙasar a hukumance da Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) kuma ta ƙunshi jamhuriyoyi da yawa, kowannensu yana da nasa gwamnatin da shugabanni.