(1) We wish to permute the order of the bytes

(2) Then homogenize: randomly permute rows and columns within the subsets that have equal totals.

(3) Its null distribution is obtained by permuting the columns of the alignment and recalculating its value several times.

(4) Similarly, the vertical line of symmetry corresponds to permuting the last two columns, whose totals are both equal to 1.

(5) This procedure randomly permutes trait data and recalculates LRs across all genetic intervals.

(6) To assess levels of significance, we permuted genotypes among populations 10,000 times.