(1) Within the leaf sheath a certain amount of development can be expected: in contrast to dicotyledonous plants, chloroplast division and development can occur in the absence of light in barley.

(2) In many dicotyledonous leaves, parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells of the vascular bundle sheath extend to the epidermis on both leaf sides, forming the so-called bundle sheath extensions.

(3) The broad differences between halophytic monocotyledons and dicotyledons have been attributed to differences in water content and hence vacuolar volume.

(4) Besides this constitutive system, iron reductases have been described in dicotyledons and non-grass monocotyledons that reduce iron prior to uptake.

(5) Monocotyledons, such as maize, have a single cotyledon; dicotyledons , such as Arabidopsis, have two.

(6) Thus, the phloem is neither u251cu00f6u251cu00e7u251cu2510interxylaryu251cu00f6u251cu00e7u251cu00fb nor u251cu00f6u251cu00e7u251cu2510includedu251cu00f6u251cu00e7u251cu00fb in dicotyledons with successive cambia.

(7) Although GVG-regulated gene expression has been characterized extensively in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants such as tobacco, Arabidopsis, and rice, it has not been tested in gymnosperms.

(8) In the leaf axils of most dicotyledonous trees well-developed buds are present.

(9) However, it should be kept in mind that young leaves of dicotyledons are more heterogenous as to cell age, than sections of a monocotyledon leaf.

(10) This type of leaf formation can be applied to monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.