(1) The oxidizing fluxes usually include cupric oxide or manganese dioxide, which decompose at copper alloy melting temperatures to generate the oxygen required.

(2) Briefly, the washed hair was digested in an alkaline solution, complexed by cysteine, urea, and cupric ion, then acidified with sulfuric acid.

(3) These reactions depend on the ability of the reducing sugar to convert cupric sulfate to cuprous oxide with a resulting color change.

(4) True verdigris is actually a coating of cupric carbonate formed by weathering on copper, brass and bronze from age.

(5) Without chromium, however, this alloy is vulnerable to corrosion attack in reducing acids when oxidizing salts such as ferric or cupric chloride are present, even in the parts-per-million range.