(1) And for those unfamiliar with the Peruvian national emblem, it depicts a vicuna, a horn of plenty and a cinchona tree.

(2) Quinine is a natural extract of the cinchona tree, and was used to treat malaria.

(3) In 1735, Joseph de Jussieu, a French botanist, collected detailed information about the cinchona trees.

(4) The cinchona tree was, in effect, the key to all the other riches of the New World, because without it Europeans could not survive the debilitating fevers that seemed to strike everyone who ventured into the Americas.

(5) Containing quinine and other alkaloids, Peruvian barks, or cinchona , were the u251cu00f6u251cu00e7u251cu2510aspirinu251cu00f6u251cu00e7u251cu00fb of their time.

(6) In the mid-seventeenth century, Spain began to import the bitter bark of cinchona trees from Peru and Ecuador as an antidote for malaria.

(7) There are still cinchona trees in the area, though modern medicine has rendered them useless.

(8) Malaria victims were treated with quinine, an extract from the bark of the cinchona tree.

(9) He was impressed with cinchona , the South American tree bark that was the first effective treatment for malaria.

(10) Homeopathy was developed in the 18th century by Dr Samuel Hahnemann after he discovered that small amounts of cinchona bark , the treatment for malaria, caused malaria-like fevers when he took it while healthy.

(11) Quinine is derived from cinchona bark , and mixed with lime.

(12) Hahnemann carried out tests on himself with extracts of cinchona bark , which contains quinine, and found it caused fever.